Das hispano-römische municipium flavium muniguense/Munigua, heute Mulva (Villanueva del Río y Minas, Provinz Sevilla), ist spätestens seit dem 16. Jh. der Wissenschaft bekannt und rechnet sich damit zu den römischen Städten Hispaniens mit der längsten Forschungsgeschichte. Seit dem Jahre 1956 ist die Forschung den Gelehrten der Abteilung Madrid des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts anvertraut, auch in diesem Rahmen gehört Munigua zu den ältesten Forschungs- und Grabungsprojekten. Nach Fragestellungen zu verschiedenen Themen wie etwa zur Topographie der Stadt, zu den Häusern, den Nekropolen oder den Wirtschaftsgrundlagen wird seit 2012 ein Programm verfolgt, das die 3D-Rekonstruktion der Stadt zum Ziele hat. Dazu ist die Aufarbeitung gerade der öffentlichen Gebäude notwendig, von denen zwei in diesem Band vorgestellt werden: die Thermen und das Forum. Diese wurde im Rahmen einer spanisch-deutschen Zusammenarbeit bewältigt, von welcher der Band Zeugnis ablegt. Gegenstand der Abhandlungen ist die Architektur der Gebäude im Hinblick auf ihre Nutzung. Dieser funktionale Aspekt ist gerade im Hinblick auf das genannte Forschungsprogramm von Bedeutung. Denn auf diese Weise erhält die räumliche Dimension der Gebäude besondere Aufmerksamkeit. Diese bezieht sich sowohl auf die Innenraumgestaltung wie ggfs. auf Durchgänge/Türen, Beleuchtung/Fenster, Zu- und Aufgänge/Stufen wie auch auf die Wirkung der Gebäude im Stadtbild. Dieses wirkt in der Rekonstruktion imposant, steht aber in einem gewissen Widerspruch zur geringen Größe der Stadt.
The municipium flavium muniguense/Munigua (Villanueva del Río y Minas) is located about 50 km northeast of Seville/Andalusia in the first foothills of the Sierra Morena. Founded in the 4th century BC, the site was inhabited until the Islamic Middle Ages. Its history, which goes back more than a thousand years, is marked by the Roman era. The archaeological evidence so far points to the period between the 1st century BC and the 4th century AD. Since 1956, it has been entrusted by the Spanish antiquities authorities to the scholars of the Madrid Department of the German Archaeological Institute/Deutsches Archäologisches Institut as a research project, who have carried out archaeological research there in annual campaigns. During this time, different focal points emerged. At the beginning, from 1956 to 1977, the research concentrated on topographical questions, from 1967 to 2011 on housing and the necropolis (1967-1996), and from 1999 to 2011 the aim was exploring the economic bases of the city. In view of the advanced state of knowledge achieved, with half a dozen books and more than 100 scientific articles, a project for the 3D reconstruction of the city's buildings was launched. This research is particularly concerned with the functionality of the buildings. The baths and the forum, which are dealt with in detail in this volume, are part of this project.
On the basis of detailed building descriptions, concrete clues emerged in each case for the separation of the building phases and for their chronology. Reconstructions in 3D format complete the picture. Methodically, the approach is based on the combination of conventional documentation methods with new structure-from-motion techniques. For the 3D reconstructions, the program SketchUp was used. The conditions and requirements for the use of these tools are described in separate contributions by Chr. Hartl-Reiter, D. Schäffler and H. Ruipérez. C. Basas presents the pottery finds from the baths.
The volume describes the development of a local settlement into a Roman town within the framework of its set theme. This results not least from the inclusion of the surrounding streets as well as the statuary in the buildings. The baths are the first public building to be erected in Munigua. This took place in the middle of the 1st century AD, probably during the reign of Emperor Claudius (41-54 AD). In the period that followed, the building was repeatedly rebuilt, and a total of four phases can be distinguished. Construction of the forum began in the early Flavian period, probably during the reign of Emperor Vespasian (69-79 AD), i.e. one generation later. The date is so close to the granting of Latin legal status to the whole of Hispania, as reported by Pliny (nat. Hist. III 30), that a connection seems likely. However, the investigation shows that the forum was not functional, as it fell victim to a construction stop that was to last until the 90’s AD. Only then was it completed, probably in the time of Emperor Domitian (81-96 AD). The building inscription of L. Valerius Firmus has been preserved, as well as the endowment inscription for the Sacellum of the Dis Pater by L. Aelius Fronto. They document not only the financing of the public buildings by private patrons but also their design and furnishing, which could be carried out gradually.
„[…] Insgesamt überzeugt der Band durch klare Beschreibungen und gut präsentiertes Bildmaterial. Die Autoren Wolfram Martini und Thomas G. Schattner arbeiten kenntnisreich heraus, daß sowohl die Thermen als auch das Forum von Munigua nicht nur für Hispanien, sondern darüber hinaus für die Entwicklung der römischen Architektur der Kaiserzeit insgesamt eine wichtige bauhistorische Stellung einnehmen. So ist man gespannt auf weitere, ebenso qualitätvolle Bände der bewährten Mulva-Reihe mit der endgültigen Vorlage der anderen städtischen Bauten von ähnlich zentraler Bedeutung wie dem Podiums-Tempel und dem Terrassenheiligtum.“
Von Dr. Markus Wolf
In: Göttinger Forum für Altertumswissenschaft 25 (2022), S. 1051-1054
DOI: 10.14628/gfa.2022.1.93475
Thomas G. Schattner (born 1955) studied Classical Archaeology, Art History and Romanics at the universities of Mainz, Bonn and Coimbra. He received his doctorate in the winter semester 1986/87 at the University of Mainz with the thesis "Griechische Hausmodelle. Untersuchungen zur frühgriechischen Architektur" directed by Burkhardt Wesenberg. He then joined the headquarters of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin as a research fellow in the scientific department. As an assistant to Klaus Tuchelt, he worked regularly on the excavation in Didyma (Turkey) until 1996. This also gave rise to the topic of his habilitation in 2001 at the University of Giessen: "Didyma. Die Fundkeramik des 8. bis 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr." Schattner is an associate professor of Classical Archaeology at this university. In 1996, he was elected Scientific Director of the Madrid department of the German Archaeological Institute Madrid, based in Lisbon. After the closure of the Lisbon branch in 1999, he moved to the Madrid department. He had been in charge of excavations in the Hispano-Roman municipality of Munigua (Villanueva del Río y Minas) since 1996. He retired at the end of January 2021.
His scientific work shows the wide range of his interests. He is a member of numerous scholarly associations: Full Member of the German Archaeological Institute, Miembro Correspondiente de la Real Academia de la Historia (Madrid), Membro Correspondente da Academia da História (Lisboa), Miembro Correspondiente de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes de Santa Isabel de Hungría (Sevilla), Miembro Correspondiente de la Real Academia de Bellas Artes y Ciencias Históricas (Toledo), Miembro Correspondiente de la Academia Andaluza de la Historia (Seville) and Miembro de Honor de la Gran Institución Duque de Alba (Ávila).
Wolfram Martini (1941-2017) graduated from the Eberhard-Ludwigs-Gymnasium in Stuttgart. He studied classical archaeology, classical philology, ancient history, prehistory and early history and art history in Heidelberg, Lawrence (USA), Mainz, Rome and Hamburg. In the winter semester 1967/68, he received his doctorate in Hamburg under Ulf Jantzen with the thesis "Die etruskische Ringsteinglyptik". He then worked as an assistant in Kiel from 1968 to 1982 and from 1969 to 1979 was involved in the excavation of a complex of buildings in the ancient city of Samos on behalf of the German Archaeological Institute. In 1977/78, he completed his habilitation in Kiel with the thesis "The Gymnasium of Samos I. The Hellenistic Complex and the Imperial Period Baths". From 1983 to 1985 he taught as a professor at the University of Kiel. From 1985 until his retirement in 2006, he was Professor of Classical Archaeology at the University of Giessen. Martini was a member of the Central Directorate of the German Archaeological Institute in Berlin from 1985 to 2010 and a Corresponding member of the Austrian Archaeological Institute and German Archaeological Institute since 1975.
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